clock_getres(2) System Calls Manual clock_getres(2)
NAME
clock_getres, clock_gettime, clock_settime - clock and time functions
LIBRARY
Standard C library (libc, -lc), since glibc 2.17
Before glibc 2.17, Real-time library (librt, -lrt)
SYNOPSIS
#include <time.h>
int clock_getres(clockid_t clockid, struct timespec *_Nullable res);
int clock_gettime(clockid_t clockid, struct timespec *tp);
int clock_settime(clockid_t clockid, const struct timespec *tp);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
clock_getres(), clock_gettime(), clock_settime():
_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 199309L
DESCRIPTION
The function clock_getres() finds the resolution (precision) of the
specified clock clockid, and, if res is non-NULL, stores it in the
struct timespec pointed to by res. The resolution of clocks depends on
the implementation and cannot be configured by a particular process.
If the time value pointed to by the argument tp of clock_settime() is
not a multiple of res, then it is truncated to a multiple of res.
The functions clock_gettime() and clock_settime() retrieve and set the
time of the specified clock clockid.
The res and tp arguments are timespec(3) structures.
The clockid argument is the identifier of the particular clock on which
to act. A clock may be system-wide and hence visible for all
processes, or per-process if it measures time only within a single
process.
All implementations support the system-wide real-time clock, which is
identified by CLOCK_REALTIME. Its time represents seconds and nanosec-
onds since the Epoch. When its time is changed, timers for a relative
interval are unaffected, but timers for an absolute point in time are
affected.
More clocks may be implemented. The interpretation of the correspond-
ing time values and the effect on timers is unspecified.
Sufficiently recent versions of glibc and the Linux kernel support the
following clocks:
CLOCK_REALTIME
A settable system-wide clock that measures real (i.e., wall-
clock) time. Setting this clock requires appropriate privi-
leges. This clock is affected by discontinuous jumps in the
system time (e.g., if the system administrator manually changes
the clock), and by frequency adjustments performed by NTP and
similar applications via adjtime(3), adjtimex(2), clock_adj-
time(2), and ntp_adjtime(3). This clock normally counts the
number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 Coordinated Univer-
sal Time (UTC) except that it ignores leap seconds; near a leap
second it is typically adjusted by NTP to stay roughly in sync
with UTC.
CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM (since Linux 3.0; Linux-specific)
Like CLOCK_REALTIME, but not settable. See timer_create(2) for
further details.
CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE (since Linux 2.6.32; Linux-specific)
A faster but less precise version of CLOCK_REALTIME. This clock
is not settable. Use when you need very fast, but not fine-
grained timestamps. Requires per-architecture support, and
probably also architecture support for this flag in the vdso(7).
CLOCK_TAI (since Linux 3.10; Linux-specific)
A nonsettable system-wide clock derived from wall-clock time but
counting leap seconds. This clock does not experience disconti-
nuities or frequency adjustments caused by inserting leap sec-
onds as CLOCK_REALTIME does.
The acronym TAI refers to International Atomic Time.
CLOCK_MONOTONIC
A nonsettable system-wide clock that represents monotonic time
since—as described by POSIX—"some unspecified point in the
past". On Linux, that point corresponds to the number of sec-
onds that the system has been running since it was booted.
The CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock is not affected by discontinuous jumps
in the system time (e.g., if the system administrator manually
changes the clock), but is affected by frequency adjustments.
This clock does not count time that the system is suspended.
All CLOCK_MONOTONIC variants guarantee that the time returned by
consecutive calls will not go backwards, but successive calls
may—depending on the architecture—return identical (not-in-
creased) time values.
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE (since Linux 2.6.32; Linux-specific)
A faster but less precise version of CLOCK_MONOTONIC. Use when
you need very fast, but not fine-grained timestamps. Requires
per-architecture support, and probably also architecture support
for this flag in the vdso(7).
CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW (since Linux 2.6.28; Linux-specific)
Similar to CLOCK_MONOTONIC, but provides access to a raw hard-
ware-based time that is not subject to frequency adjustments.
This clock does not count time that the system is suspended.
CLOCK_BOOTTIME (since Linux 2.6.39; Linux-specific)
A nonsettable system-wide clock that is identical to CLOCK_MO-
NOTONIC, except that it also includes any time that the system
is suspended. This allows applications to get a suspend-aware
monotonic clock without having to deal with the complications of
CLOCK_REALTIME, which may have discontinuities if the time is
changed using settimeofday(2) or similar.
CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM (since Linux 3.0; Linux-specific)
Like CLOCK_BOOTTIME. See timer_create(2) for further details.
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID (since Linux 2.6.12)
This is a clock that measures CPU time consumed by this process
(i.e., CPU time consumed by all threads in the process). On
Linux, this clock is not settable.
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID (since Linux 2.6.12)
This is a clock that measures CPU time consumed by this thread.
On Linux, this clock is not settable.
Linux also implements dynamic clock instances as described below.
Dynamic clocks
In addition to the hard-coded System-V style clock IDs described above,
Linux also supports POSIX clock operations on certain character de-
vices. Such devices are called "dynamic" clocks, and are supported
since Linux 2.6.39.
Using the appropriate macros, open file descriptors may be converted
into clock IDs and passed to clock_gettime(), clock_settime(), and
clock_adjtime(2). The following example shows how to convert a file
descriptor into a dynamic clock ID.
#define CLOCKFD 3
#define FD_TO_CLOCKID(fd) ((~(clockid_t) (fd) << 3) | CLOCKFD)
#define CLOCKID_TO_FD(clk) ((unsigned int) ~((clk) >> 3))
struct timespec ts;
clockid_t clkid;
int fd;
fd = open("/dev/ptp0", O_RDWR);
clkid = FD_TO_CLOCKID(fd);
clock_gettime(clkid, &ts);
RETURN VALUE
clock_gettime(), clock_settime(), and clock_getres() return 0 for suc-
cess. On error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
EACCES clock_settime() does not have write permission for the dynamic
POSIX clock device indicated.
EFAULT tp points outside the accessible address space.
EINVAL The clockid specified is invalid for one of two reasons. Either
the System-V style hard coded positive value is out of range, or
the dynamic clock ID does not refer to a valid instance of a
clock object.
EINVAL (clock_settime()): tp.tv_sec is negative or tp.tv_nsec is out-
side the range [0, 999,999,999].
EINVAL The clockid specified in a call to clock_settime() is not a set-
table clock.
EINVAL (since Linux 4.3)
A call to clock_settime() with a clockid of CLOCK_REALTIME at-
tempted to set the time to a value less than the current value
of the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock.
ENODEV The hot-pluggable device (like USB for example) represented by a
dynamic clk_id has disappeared after its character device was
opened.
ENOTSUP
The operation is not supported by the dynamic POSIX clock device
specified.
EOVERFLOW
The timestamp would not fit in time_t range. This can happen if
an executable with 32-bit time_t is run on a 64-bit kernel when
the time is 2038-01-19 03:14:08 UTC or later. However, when the
system time is out of time_t range in other situations, the be-
havior is undefined.
EPERM clock_settime() does not have permission to set the clock indi-
cated.
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attrib-
utes(7).
┌───────────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
│ Interface │ Attribute │ Value │
├───────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
│ clock_getres(), clock_gettime(), │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
│ clock_settime() │ │ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘
VERSIONS
POSIX.1 specifies the following:
Setting the value of the CLOCK_REALTIME clock via clock_set-
time() shall have no effect on threads that are blocked waiting
for a relative time service based upon this clock, including the
nanosleep() function; nor on the expiration of relative timers
based upon this clock. Consequently, these time services shall
expire when the requested relative interval elapses, indepen-
dently of the new or old value of the clock.
According to POSIX.1-2001, a process with "appropriate privileges" may
set the CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID and CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID clocks us-
ing clock_settime(). On Linux, these clocks are not settable (i.e., no
process has "appropriate privileges").
C library/kernel differences
On some architectures, an implementation of clock_gettime() is provided
in the vdso(7).
STANDARDS
POSIX.1-2008.
HISTORY
POSIX.1-2001, SUSv2. Linux 2.6.
On POSIX systems on which these functions are available, the symbol
_POSIX_TIMERS is defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0.
POSIX.1-2008 makes these functions mandatory.
The symbols _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK, _POSIX_CPUTIME,
_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME indicate that CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID are available. (See
also sysconf(3).)
Historical note for SMP systems
Before Linux added kernel support for CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID and
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID, glibc implemented these clocks on many plat-
forms using timer registers from the CPUs (TSC on i386, AR.ITC on Ita-
nium). These registers may differ between CPUs and as a consequence
these clocks may return bogus results if a process is migrated to an-
other CPU.
If the CPUs in an SMP system have different clock sources, then there
is no way to maintain a correlation between the timer registers since
each CPU will run at a slightly different frequency. If that is the
case, then clock_getcpuclockid(0) will return ENOENT to signify this
condition. The two clocks will then be useful only if it can be en-
sured that a process stays on a certain CPU.
The processors in an SMP system do not start all at exactly the same
time and therefore the timer registers are typically running at an off-
set. Some architectures include code that attempts to limit these off-
sets on bootup. However, the code cannot guarantee to accurately tune
the offsets. glibc contains no provisions to deal with these offsets
(unlike the Linux Kernel). Typically these offsets are small and
therefore the effects may be negligible in most cases.
Since glibc 2.4, the wrapper functions for the system calls described
in this page avoid the abovementioned problems by employing the kernel
implementation of CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID and CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID,
on systems that provide such an implementation (i.e., Linux 2.6.12 and
later).
EXAMPLES
The program below demonstrates the use of clock_gettime() and clock_ge-
tres() with various clocks. This is an example of what we might see
when running the program:
$ ./clock_times x
CLOCK_REALTIME : 1585985459.446 (18356 days + 7h 30m 59s)
resolution: 0.000000001
CLOCK_TAI : 1585985496.447 (18356 days + 7h 31m 36s)
resolution: 0.000000001
CLOCK_MONOTONIC: 52395.722 (14h 33m 15s)
resolution: 0.000000001
CLOCK_BOOTTIME : 72691.019 (20h 11m 31s)
resolution: 0.000000001
Program source
/* clock_times.c
Licensed under GNU General Public License v2 or later.
*/
#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#define SECS_IN_DAY (24 * 60 * 60)
static void
displayClock(clockid_t clock, const char *name, bool showRes)
{
long days;
struct timespec ts;
if (clock_gettime(clock, &ts) == -1) {
perror("clock_gettime");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("%-15s: %10jd.%03ld (", name,
(intmax_t) ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec / 1000000);
days = ts.tv_sec / SECS_IN_DAY;
if (days > 0)
printf("%ld days + ", days);
printf("%2dh %2dm %2ds",
(int) (ts.tv_sec % SECS_IN_DAY) / 3600,
(int) (ts.tv_sec % 3600) / 60,
(int) ts.tv_sec % 60);
printf(")\n");
if (clock_getres(clock, &ts) == -1) {
perror("clock_getres");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (showRes)
printf(" resolution: %10jd.%09ld\n",
(intmax_t) ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
bool showRes = argc > 1;
displayClock(CLOCK_REALTIME, "CLOCK_REALTIME", showRes);
#ifdef CLOCK_TAI
displayClock(CLOCK_TAI, "CLOCK_TAI", showRes);
#endif
displayClock(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, "CLOCK_MONOTONIC", showRes);
#ifdef CLOCK_BOOTTIME
displayClock(CLOCK_BOOTTIME, "CLOCK_BOOTTIME", showRes);
#endif
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
SEE ALSO
date(1), gettimeofday(2), settimeofday(2), time(2), adjtime(3),
clock_getcpuclockid(3), ctime(3), ftime(3), pthread_getcpuclockid(3),
sysconf(3), timespec(3), time(7), time_namespaces(7), vdso(7), hw-
clock(8)
Linux man-pages 6.7 2024-03-05 clock_getres(2)
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